The September equinox marks the first day of autumn for anybody living in the
northern hemisphere, and the first day of spring for anybody living in the
southern hemisphere.

On the day of the equinox, everywhere on Earth has almost exactly 12 hours of
day and night, as the Sun’s annual journey through the constellations of the

zodiac
carries it across the celestial equator. The word equinox is derived
from the Latin words aequus (equal) and nox (night)

Wherever you live on Earth, on the day of the equinox the Sun will rise from
the point on the horizon which lies due east, and set beneath the point which
lies due west.

Equinox geometry

Equinoxes occur because the axis of the Earth’s spin – its polar axis
– is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the plane of its orbit around the
Sun.

The direction of the Earth’s spin axis remains fixed in space as it circles
around the Sun, while the Earth’s sight line to the Sun moves through the
constellations of the

zodiac.

As a result, sometimes the Earth’s north pole is tilted towards the Sun (in
June), and sometimes it is tilted away from it (in December). This gives rise
to the Earth’s seasons:

At the intermediate points between the solstices, the Sun lies directly over
the Earth’s equator on around 21 March and 23 September. In March,
the Sun is travelling northwards across the equator, and in September it is
travelling southwards.

The date of the equinox

Year	Time of equinox
2020	22 Sep 06:23 PDT
2021	22 Sep 12:14 PDT
2022	22 Sep 17:58 PDT
2023	22 Sep 23:46 PDT
2024	22 Sep 05:42 PDT
2025	22 Sep 11:20 PDT
2026	22 Sep 17:08 PDT
2027	22 Sep 23:06 PDT
2028	22 Sep 04:51 PDT

The Earth orbits the Sun once every 365.242 days, and this is the time
period over which the cycle of solstices and equinoxes, and consequently all
the Earth’s seasons, repeat from one year to the next.

In any year which is not a leap year, the equinoxes occur roughly 5 hours and
48 minutes – just under a quarter of a day – later from one year to
the next.

This is why the seasons would drift later in the year if it was not for an
additional day being inserted inserted into every fourth year on 29 February.

The chart below shows the day of the month when the September equinox falls in
each year. The gradual drift of the four-year cycle earlier in the month is due
to the equinoxes repeating 12 minutes less than a quarter of a day later each
year.

In the Gregorian calendar, this is fixed by omitting leap years in three out of
every four century years, e.g. 1700, 1800 and 1900, but not 2000.

The right ascension of the Sun

At the September equinox, the Sun has a right ascension of almost exactly 12
hours.

This is because the zero point of right ascension is defined by the position of
the centre of the Sun at the moment of the March equinox. In September, the Sun
lies almost exactly opposite this point in the sky.

In practice the Sun’s right ascension is not exactly 12h, because the direction
of the Earth’s spin axis in space is not completely constant. The Earth rotates
like a gyroscope, causing the location of the equinoxes creep across the sky at
a rate of around 50 arcseconds each year.

Celestial coordinates are usually written in a system called J2000.0, where the
zero point of right ascension is based on the direction of the Earth’s rotation
axis at midnight on January 1, 2000.

The 2024 equinox

The exact position of the Sun at the moment it passes over the equator in September 2024 is as follows (J2000.0
coordinates):

The sky
on 22 Sep 2024

Source

The circumstances of this event were computed using the DE430 planetary ephemeris published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

This event was automatically generated by searching the ephemeris for planetary alignments which are of interest to amateur astronomers, and the text above was generated based on an estimate of your location.

Image credit

The Earth, as seen by the Apollo 17 astronauts. © NASA